Some historians see his flight from Corsica as the moment when Bonaparte became French. But in a way, this moment cemented his status as an outsider. This status as an outsider drove him and enabled him to reinvent himself continuously, and so strikingly, as an outsider who could become more than French.
He would later claim, with stunning success, that as a self-created outsider, he stood above politics. By chance, he happened to be in Paris in the summer of and witnessed the August 10 uprising and the fall of the king. An old classmate who was with him that day recounted that Bonaparte walked the streets, angry at the violence of the crowd. He became a Jacobin and a backer of Robespierre.
In , he wrote a pro-Jacobin pamphlet attacking the Federalists of Marseille. Learn more about how Napoleon seized power in France in What appealed to him about the French Revolution? Its energy and its forcefulness; its ideology of possibility; the toughness and hardcore style of the Jacobins.
The Revolution glorified war and honored successful soldiers, but it also made it possible, as never before, for a bold soldier to rise through the ranks based on merit. Lots of elite officers had emigrated, leaving openings in the officer corps. The army had a new structure—more open and egalitarian. In the fall of , Napoleon got his chance to make his name in this new system. On the Mediterranean coast sat the town of Toulon. In August , the inhabitants had surrendered the town to the British.
The French then laid siege to Toulon and its British occupiers. Napoleon had the backing of a Corsican patron who had power, so he was put in charge of the artillery of the French siege of Toulon.
First, he spent a few weeks rounding up and requisitioning equipment: Horses, oxen, cannons from the surrounding area, and blacksmiths. He got 5, sacks of dirt every day from Marseille to build up his ramparts for his batteries. He also worked hard convincing his superiors to try his battle plan. On the 17th of December , 6, infantrymen stormed the key British Fort Mulgrave. In the fighting, Bonaparte himself had his horse shot out from under him and he was wounded in the thigh by a bayonet.
Bonaparte had barely begun to open fire when the British admiral Lord Hood ordered his ships out of the inner harbor. Some 7, occupants of Toulon fled on British ships. Bonaparte had commanded only the artillery. His persistence and his tactical clarity of vision had made the difference. Just a few days later, he was promoted to brigadier general. He was only 24 years old.
Learn more about how Napoleon led an expedition to Egypt in an attempt to colonize it. Bonaparte moved in Jacobin circles that year in the south. Soon he went to Paris, where he hung around the edges of the high salon society during the Thermidorian era. Here, in early October , he got his next big political and military break.
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