The two most popular versions of Windows for the desktop are XP and Vista Vista being the latest version. There is also a mobile version of Windows as well as a server version of Windows the latest being Windows Server Windows is all proprietary, closed-source which is much different than Linux licenses.
Most of the popular manufacturers make all of their hardware compatible with Windows which makes Windows operate and almost all kinds of new hardware. Within XP there are 2 main editions: Home and Professional. The Professional version has additional features and is targeted at power users and business clients. There is also a Media Center version that has additional multimedia features enhancing the ability to record and watch TV shows, view DVD movies, and listen to music.
XP analyzes the performance impact of visual effects and uses this to determine whether to enable them, so as to prevent the new functionaility from consuming excessive additional processing overhead. The different themes are controlled by the user changing their preferences.
Windows XP has released a set of service packs currently there are 3 which fix problems and add features. Each service pack is a superset of all previous service packs and patches so that only the latest service pack needs to be installed, and also includes new revisions. Windows Vista contains many changes and new features from XP, including an update GUI and visual style, improved searching features, new multimedia creation tools, and redesigned networking, audio, print, and display sub-systems.
Vista also aims to increase the level of communication between machines on a home network, using peer-to-peer technology to simplify sharing files and digital media between computers and devices. Windows vista is intended to be a technology-based release, to provide a base to include advanced technologies, any of which are related to how the system functions and thus not readily visible to the user. An example is the complete restructuring of the architecture of the audio, print, display, and networking subsystems; while the results of this work are visible to software developers, end-users will only see what appear to be evolutionary changes in the UI.
Vista includes technologies which employ fast flash memory to improve system performance by chaching commonly used programs and data.
Other new technology utilizes machine learning techniques to analyze usage patterns to allow Windows Vista to make intelligent decisions about what content should be present in system meomry at any given time. As a part of the redesign of the networking architecture, IPv6 has been fully incorporated into the OS and a number of performance improvements have been introduced, such as TCP window scaling.
Windows is the most vulnerable OS to attacks. It has been criticized for its susceptibility to malware, viruses, trojan horses, and worms. Security issues are compounded by the fact that users of the Home edition, by default, receive an administrator account that provides unrestricted access to the underpinnings of the system.
Windows has historically been a tempting target for virus creators because of its world market dominance. Security holes are often invisible until they are exploited, making preemptive action difficult.
Microsoft has stated that the release of patches to fix security holes is often what causes the spread of exploits against those very same holes, as crackers figured out what problems the patches fixed, and then launch attacks against unpatched systems.
It is recommended to have automatic updates turned on to prevent a system from being attacked by an unpatched bug. OS X is the major operating system that is created by Apple Inc. Currently OS X is in version Apple has chosen to name each version of OS X after a large cat with Some of the tools included with the server OS X are workgroup management and administration software that provide simplified access to common network services, including a mail transfer agent, a Samba server, an LDAP server, a domain name server, a graphical interface for distributed computing which Apple calls Xgrid Admin , and others.
Apple has layered a number of components over this base, including their own GUI. There is a specific concept that I am trying to find out about, but I am not familiar with the correct terminology and so am having trouble finding the words to pinpoint it.
This is why this question comes with so many examples, to "eliminate" the parts that the question does not target. Too broad question, but some points related to Linux; the principles should be the same for Windows, but you probably are forbidden to understand all of it :. The elementary system calls those listed in syscalls BTW the Linux kernel can load kernel modules to e.
The inter-process communication facilities are built above these system calls perhaps used by the standard library in higher level functions, e. Read Advanced Linux Programming for more details. In practice you'll need several server programs and that idea is pushed to its extreme in microkernel approaches , notably on recent Linux systemd.
Drivers and kernel modules are loaded by specific system calls and later are part of the kernel so are usable thru other system calls. Play with strace 1 to understand the actual system calls done by some Linux program. Some information is provided by the kernel thru pseudo file systems see proc Every communication from user program to kernel is done by IPC implemented by system calls. Sometimes, the kernel is doing an upcall to user code on Linux, with signals.
Read also some good book on Operating Systems , e. However, since Windows etc In contrast, Linux is free software , so you can study its source code. My advice would be to understand in details how Linux work this would take several years and study some relevant source code which is possible for free software.
If you need an deep understanding of Windows, you might need to buy some source code license of it probably millions of dollars and sign an NDA. Rumors tell that the Windows kernel is microkernel like, but Microsoft has economical interest to hide ugly implementation details. Stack Overflow for Teams — Collaborate and share knowledge with a private group. Create a free Team What is Teams? Collectives on Stack Overflow. Learn more. Computer Architecture: How do applications communicate with an operating system?
Asked 5 years, 10 months ago. Active 4 years ago. Viewed 1k times. Improve this question. Ruslan Ruslan 2, 1 1 gold badge 16 16 silver badges 22 22 bronze badges. It is very broad and every question would find lots of answers and explanations with a simple web search. SamiKuhmonen I am aware of the high-level descriptions of the "techniques" used to accomplish this without Google. That's why I laid them out in my question.
However, the underlying principle is not one I was able to find anywhere. The first step of any boot process is applying power to the machine.
When the user turns a computer on, a series of events begins that ends when the operating system gets control from the boot process and the user is free to work. Booting is a process in which your computer gets initialized. This process includes initilizing all your hadware components in your computer and get them to work together and to load your default operating system which will make your computer operational.
Skip to content Android Windows Linux Apple. Home » Other. See also How do I get system information in Windows Server ? Related posts: How does an operating system help the computer interact with? Quick Answer: What are the ways to interact with operating system? Quick Answer: How does the user interact with the operating system?
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