At the first Olympic Games in , there were nine sports contested. Since that time many sports have been added and removed too from the program. Only five sports have been contested at every summer Olympic Games since Athletics , Cycling , Fencing , Gymnastics and Swimming. In there were 26 sports contested, increasing to 28 in , and 33 in See also the pages about the number of sports at each Olympiad, and also the changes over time. Hicks , was given strychnine and brandy by his coach, even during the race.
As these methods became more extreme, gradually the awareness grew that this was no longer a matter of health through sports. In the mids, sports federations put a ban on doping, and the IOC followed suit in The first and so far only Olympic death caused by doping occurred in At the cycling road race in Rome the Danish rider Knud Enemark Jensen fell from his bicycle and later died.
A coroner's inquiry found that he was under the influence of amphetamines. The first Olympic athlete to test positive for doping use was Hans-Gunnar Liljenwall , a Swedish pentathlete at the Summer Olympics , who lost his bronze medal for alcohol use.
Seventy-three athletes followed him over the next 38 years, several medal winners among them. The most publicised doping-related disqualification was that of Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson , who won the m at the Seoul Olympics , but tested positive for stanozolol.
Despite the testing, many athletes continued to use doping without getting caught. In , documents were revealed that showed many East German female athletes had been unknowingly administered anabolic steroids and other drugs by their coaches and trainers as a government policy.
The recent Summer Olympics and Winter Olympics have shown that this battle is not nearly over, as several medalists in weightlifting and cross-country skiing were disqualified due to doping offences. Test results indicated the presence of the banned-stimulant pseudophedrine which had been prescribed to her by an Olympic doctor.
Raducan had been unaware of the presence of the illegal substance in the medicine that had been prescribed to her for a cold she had during the games. During the Winter Olympics , only one athlete failed a drug test and had a medal revoked. The only other case involved 12 members with high levels of haemoglobin and their punishment was a five day suspension for health reasons.
The International Olympic Committee introduced blood testing for the first time during these games. Politics interfered with the Olympics on several occasions, the most well-known of which was the Summer Olympics in Berlin, where the games were used as propaganda by the German Nazis. At this Olympics, a true Olympic spirit was shown by Luz Long , who helped Jesse Owens a black athlete to win the long jump, at the expense of his own silver medal.
Instead, the Soviets organized an international sports event called Spartakiads, from onward. Many athletes from Communist organizations or close to them chose not to participate or were even barred from participating in Olympic Games, and instead participated in Spartakiads.
A political incident on a smaller scale occurred at the Summer Olympics in Mexico City. Two American track-and-field athletes, Tommie Smith and John Carlos , performed the Black Power salute on the victory stand of the meter track and field race.
The USOC opted for the former. The government of the Islamic Republic of Iran specifically orders its athletes not to compete in any Olympic heat, semi-final, or finals that includes athletes from Israel. At the Olympics, an Iranian judoka who had otherwise earned his place, did not compete in a heat against an Israeli judoka.
Despite what Coubertin had hoped for, the Olympics did not bring total peace to the world. In fact, three Olympiads had to pass without Olympics because of war: due to World War I the Games were cancelled, and the summer and winter games of and were cancelled because of World War II. During the Summer Olympics in Munich, a massacre of 11 members from the Israeli Olympic team occurred. The team members were taken hostage and eventually killed, along with a German police officer, by the Palestinian group Black September.
During the Summer Olympics in in Atlanta, a bombing at the Centennial Olympic Park killed two and injured others. The bomb was set by Eric Robert Rudolph, an conservative American domestic terrorist, who is currently serving a life sentence. Olympic Games since then have required an extremely high degree of security due to the fear of possible terrorist activities.
A number of organizations are involved in organizing the Olympic Games. Together they form the Olympic Movement. The rules and guidelines by which these organizations operate are outlined in the Olympic Charter. It can be seen as the government of the Olympics, as it takes care of the daily problems and makes all important decisions, such as choosing the host city of the Games, and the programme of the Olympics.
OCOGs are dissolved after the celebration of each Games, once all subsequent paperwork has been completed. More broadly speaking, the term Olympic Movement is sometimes also meant to include everybody and everything involved in the Olympics, such as national sport governing bodies, athletes, media, and sponsors of the Olympic Games.
Most Olympic Games have been held in European and North American cities; only a few games have been held in other places, and all bids by countries in South America and Africa have failed. Many believe the games should expand to include locations in poorer regions. Economists point out that the massive infrastructure investments could springboard cities into earning higher GDP after the games.
However, many host cities regret the high costs associated with hosting the games as a poor investment [33]. In the past, the IOC has often been criticised for being a monolithic organisation, with several members remaining a member at old age, or even until their deaths. Under his presidency, the Olympic Movement made great progress, but has been seen as autocratic and corrupt. Samaranch's ties with the Franco's regime in Spain and his long term as a president 21 years, until he was 81 years old have also been points of critique.
In , it became known that several IOC members had taken bribes from the organising committee for the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah, in exchange for a vote on the city at the election of the host city.
The IOC started an investigation, which led to four members resigning and six being expelled. The scandal set off further reforms, changing the way in which host cities are elected to avoid further bribes.
Also, more active and former athletes were allowed in the IOC, and the membership terms have been limited. Later, a similar movement in Vancouver and Whistler, British Columbia organized to protest the hosting of the Winter Games. These movements were particularly concerned about adverse local economic impact and dislocation of people to accommodate the hosting of the Olympics.
The documentary claimed it is possible to bribe IOC members into voting for a particular candidate city. They have denied the allegations.
Others have alleged that the Winter Olympics were held in Turin because officials bribed the IOC and so Turin got the games and Sion, Switzerland which was the favorite did not. The Olympic Movement has been accused of being overprotective of its symbolism in particular, it claims an exclusive and monopolistic copyright over any arrangement of five rings and the term "olympics" , and have taken action against things unrelated to sport, such as the role-playing game Legend of the Five Rings.
It was accused of homophobia in when it successfully sued the Gay Olympics, an event now known as the Gay Games, to ban it from using the term "olympics" in its name. The Olympic movement uses many symbols, most of them representing Coubertin's ideas and ideals. The Olympic Rings are the most widely used symbol. The five colored rings on a white field form the Olympic Flag. The colors, white, red, blue, green, yellow, and black, were chosen such that each nation has at least one of these colors in its national flag.
The flag was adopted in , but the first Games at which it was flown were Antwerp, Both controversy and appraisal have floated around this year, as the International Committee has chosen to recognize some new and innovative sports. This is great news for these athletes, but some have questioned whether it is due to their participation or popularity. The Tokyo Olympics are adding a couple of new sports to the list this year, coming out to a total of 33 sports and events.
They have recognized four news sports, and have brought back two discontinued sports. Baseball and softball will also return to the Olympics after being cut.
The last time baseball was included in the Olympics was at the Beijing Olympics. The IOC has decided to make a commitment to the youth by bringing sports to them in urban environments, something the Olympic Committee has not done before.
In the past, the host country had a lot of power over which sports were included. Over the years, many sports have come and gone. This includes demonstration sports. Many of these are tried but never made part of the official games. For example, the meter freestyle is an event.
The discipline includes other events, such as breaststroke, butterfly, and backstroke. This includes other disciplines, such as diving and water polo. When counting sports, some people only count sports as defined by the IOC. This is why some might say there were 28 sports in the Summer Olympics in Brazil.
Others, however, count each discipline as a separate sport. This explains why the official website of the Summer Olympics listed 42 sports. In other words, the count of 28 sports lists aquatics as a sport. The count of 42 sports breaks it down to include swimming, diving, and water polo as four separate sports.
It looks at many factors. For example, the sport must be popular among both men and women across much of the world. As new games arise, they can start out as demonstration sports.
They may later be officially added to the games. As others decline in popularity , they might be removed from the games. Both events have now been reinstated. How can a sport be reinstated in the Olympics? People can lobby the IOC for a revival of a sport.
In , for example, golf returned to the Olympic Games after a year absence. Likewise, rugby made an appearance after having been gone for the past 92 years. Do you watch the Olympics with your family every four years?
Which events are your favorite? If you could pick one sport to add to the games, which would you choose? That may be a difficult decision—the world is full of many great options! Are you ready to play? Be sure to explore the following activities with a friend or family member:. Great question, Antonio! Sounds like it's time for you to take a Wonder Journey--search the Internet or visit your local library--and let us know what you find out!
Do you like to swim, Tyson? The Olympics are really fun to watch! We're glad you liked this Wonder, Uniwing! They really are! It's awesome to watch so many athletes from around the world compete in the Olympics. Did you watch the Winter Olympics, Evan? Hi, logan! The nine sports at the first modern Olympic games in were athletics, cycling, fencing, gymnastics, shooting, swimming, tennis, weightlifting, and wrestling.
In the Summer Olympics, though, some said that there were 28 sports, while others listed 42! Do you want to go to the Olympics one day? Hi, Hugo! There are two Olympic games because different sports are played at the summer and winter Olympics! Great question, Amaya! We encourage you to do some research to find out who the first person to join the Olympics was! Hi, josh! Many of the Olympic sports are dangerous, which is why the athletes dedicate so much of their time to practicing!
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